SUMMARY of CHAPTER 1-14 [Revolution of ICT subject]

Chapter 1 Knowledge and understanding of computers and their uses


How is a computer defined?
Electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory
Accepts data
Raw facts, figures, and symbols
Processes data into information
Data that is organized, meaningful, and useful

What is the information processing cycle?
Ø Input
Ø Process
Ø Output
Ø Storage
Ø Communication

What is an output device?
Ø Hardware that
conveys information to one or morepeople

Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Also called a processor
The electronic component that interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate the computer
Memory
Consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed and data needed by those instructions

Storage media
Physical material on which data, instructions, and information are stored
Storage device
Records and retrieves items to and from a storage medium

What is a server?
Ø A server manages the resources on a network
Ø Clients access the resources on the server


Chapter 2The Internet and World Wide Web

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
Oversees research, sets standards and guidelines
Tim Berners-Lee, director
Internet2 (I2)
Internet-related research and development project
Develops and tests advanced Internet technologies

What are ways to access the Internet?
ISP, Regional or National
OSP (AOL and MSN, for example)
Wireless Internet Service Provider

What is the World Wide Web (WWW)?
-A worldwide collection of electronic documents
-Each electronic document is called a Web page
-Each electronic document is called a Web page

What is a Web browser?
Ø Program that allows you to view Web pages
--MicrosoftInternetExplorer
-Netscape
-Opera

What is a home page?
Ø The first page that a Web site presents
Ø Often provides connections to other Web pages


How do handheld computers and cellular telephones access the Web?
Ø Use a microbrowser that displays Web pages that contain mostly text
Ø Must be Web-enabled

What is downloading?
Ø The process of a computer receiving information
Ø Depending upon connection speed, downloading can take from a few seconds to several minutes
Ø
Ø Chapter 3 Application Software

What is application software?
Ø Programs designed to make users more productive

How is software distributed?
Ø Packaged software, mass-produced
Ø Custom software, performs functions specific to a business or industry
Ø Open source software, provided for use, modification, and redistribution
Ø Shareware, distributed free for trial period
Ø Freeware, copyrighted software provided at no cost
Ø Public-domain software, freeware with no copyright restrictions


What is system software?
Ø Programs that control the operations of the computer
Ø Serves as the interface between the user, the application software, and the computer’s hardware

How do you start an application?
Ø From the desktop, click the Start button, point to All Programs, and click the name of the application
Ø The program’s instructions load into memory

What is word processing software?
Ø Allows users to create and manipulate text and graphics
§ Clip art is a collection of graphics that you caninsert indocuments
\
What is a font?
Ø A name assigned to a specific design of characters
Ø Font size indicates the size of the characters in a particular font in points (a single point is about1/72 of an inch in height)

What is spreadsheet software?
Ø Organizes data
Ø Performs calculations andrecalculates when data changes
How is a spreadsheet organized?
Ø Columns identified by letters
Ø Rows identified by numbers
Ø A cell is the intersection of a column and row

Chapter 4The Components of the System Unit

What is the system unit?
Ø Case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data
§ Sometimes called the chassis

What are common components inside the system unit?
Ø Memory
Ø Adapter cards
§ Sound card
§ Video card
Ø Ports
Ø Drive bays
Ø Power supply

What is the motherboard?
Ø Main circuit board in system unit
Ø Contains adapter cards, processor chips, andmemory chips
Ø Also called system board

What is a chip?
Ø Small piece of semi-conducting material on which integrated circuits are etched
Ø Integrated circuits contain many microscopic pathways capable of carrying electrical current
Ø Chips are packaged so they can be attached to a circuit board


What is pipelining?
Ø CPU begins fetching second instruction before completing machine cycle for first instruction
Ø Results in faster processing

What is the system clock?
Ø Controls timing of all computer operations
Ø Generates regular electronic pulses, or ticks, that set operating pace of components of system unit
Chapter 5Input

Ø Data or instructions entered into memory of computer
Ø Input device is any hardware component that allows users to enter data and instructions

How is the keyboard divided?
Ø Typing area
Ø Function keys, special keys that issue commands
What is a cordless keyboard?
Ø Communicate with a receiver attached to a port on the system unit

What is a mouse?
Pointing device controls movement of pointer, also called mouse pointer
Mechanical mouse has rubber or metal ball on underside

What is an optical mouse?
Ø No moving mechanical parts inside
Ø Senses light to detect mouse’s movement
Ø More precise than mechanical mouse
Ø Connects using a cable, or wireless
What is a trackball?
Ø Stationary pointing device with a ball on its top or side
Ø To move pointer, rotate ball with thumb, fingers, or palm of hand

What is a light pen?
Ø Handheld input device that can detect light
§ Press light pen against screen surface and then press button on pen










Chapter 6Output

What is a display device?
Ø Output device that visually conveys information
§ Information on display device sometimes called soft copy
Ø Monitor houses display device as separate peripheral

What is an LCD monitor?
Ø Uses liquid crystal display
Ø Have a small footprint
Ø Mobile devices that contain LCD displays include
Ø Notebook computer, Tablet PC, PDA, and Smart Phone

What about using multiple LCD monitors?
Ø Allows users to run multiple applications simultaneously

What is resolution?
Ø Higher resolution makes image sharper, displays more text on screen, makes some elements smaller

What is a CRT monitor?
Ø Screen coated with tiny dots of phosphor material
§ Each dot consists of a red, blue, and green phosphor
Ø Common sizes are 15, 17, 19, 21, and 22 inches
§ Viewable size is diagonal measurement of actual viewing area

What is the ENERGY STAR program?
Ø Encourages manufacturers to create energy-efficient devices that require little power when not in use
Ø Monitors and devices meeting guidelines display ENERGY STAR label

What determines the quality of a CRT monitor?
Ø Text created with a smaller dot pitch is easierto read
Ø Refresh rate is speed at which monitor redrawsimages on screen

What is a printer?
Ø Output device that produces text and graphics on paper
Ø Result is hard copy, or printout
Ø Two orientations: portrait and landscape

Chapter 7Storage

What is storage?
Ø Holds data, instructions, and information for future use

How does volatility compare?
Ø Storage medium is nonvolatile—contents retained when power is off
Ø Memory ias volatile—holds data and instructions temporarily

What is a Zip disk?
Ø Magnetic medium that stores 100 MB to 750 MB of data
Ø Zip disks require a Zip drivec—chigh capacity drive that reads from and writes on a Zip disk

What is a hard disk?
Ø Consists of several inflexible, circular platters that store items electronically
Ø Components enclosed in airtight, sealed case for protection

What is a miniature hard disk?
Ø Provide users with greater storage capacities than flash memory
Ø Some have a form factor of less than 1 inch
Ø Storage capacities range from 2 GB to 100 GB

What is online storage?
Ø Service on Web that provides storage for minimal monthly fee
Ø Files can be accessed from any computer with Web access

What are optical discs?
Ø Flat, round, portable metal discs made of metal, plastic, and lacquer
Ø Can be read only or read/write
Ø Most PCs include an optical disc drive

What is a CD-ROM?
Ø Cannot erase or modify contents
Ø Typically holds 650 MB to 1 GB
Ø Commonly used to distribute multimedia and complex software

What is a DVD-ROM (digital versatile disc-ROM or digital video disc-ROM)?
Ø High capacity disc capable of storing 4.7 GB to 17 GB
Ø Must have DVD-ROM drive or DVD player to read DVD-ROM
Ø Stores databases, music, complex software, and movies



Chapter 8 Operating Systems and Utility Programs

What is booting?
Cold boot Turning on computer that has been powered off
Warm boot Restarting computer that is powered on

What is single user/ multitasking?
Ø Working on two or more programs that reside in memory at same time
Ø Foreground contains program you are using
Ø Background contains programs that are running but are not in use

How do you establish an Internet connection?
Ø Windows XP includes New Connection Wizard
§ Guides user through setting up connection between computer and Internet
What is a network operating system?
Ø Allows users to share printer, Internet access, files, and programs on a network
Ø Administers security by establishing user name and password for each user

What is a file manager?
Ø Performs functions such as copying, renaming, deleting, and moving files
Ø Image viewer displays contents of graphics file when you double click on it

What is a personal firewall?
Ø The latest update to Windows XP automatically enables the built-in personal firewall upon installation

What is a disk scanner?
Ø Detects and corrects problems on hard disk or floppy disk
Ø Searches for and removes unnecessary files

What is a diagnostic utility?
Ø Compiles technical information about hardware and some software
Ø Prepares report outlining problems



Chapter 9 Communications and Networks

What are public Internet access points and cybercafés?
Ø Public Internet access point allows wireless connection to Internet in public location
Ø Cybercafé is coffee house that provides computers with Internet access

What are collaboration and groupware?
Ø Collaboration is working with other users connected to a server
Ø Microsoft’s NetMeeting allows collaboration
Ø Groupware is softwarethat allows peopleto shareinformation

What are voice mail and web services?
Ø Voice mail is voice message converted to digital form
Ø Web services describe standardized software that enables programmers to create applications that communicate with other remote computers over the Internet

What is a network?
Ø Collection of computers and devices connected via communications devices and transmissionmedia
What is a wide area network (WAN)?
Ø Internet is world’s largest WAN

What is a client/server network?
Ø One or more computers act as server and other computers, or clients, access server
What is Internet peer-to-peer (P2P)?
Ø Enables users to connect to each other’s hard disks and exchange files directly


What is a ring network?
Ø Cable forms closed ring, or loop, with all computers and devices arranged along ring
Ø Data travels from device to device around entire ring, in one direction






Chapter 10 Database Management

How are data and information related?
Ø Data is raw facts
Ø Information is data that is organizedand meaningful

What is a field?
Ø Combination of one or more characters
Ø Smallest unit of data user accesses
§ Field size defines the maximum number of characters a field can contain
§ Field name uniquely identifies each field
§ Data type specifies kind of data field contains

Why do you delete records?
Ø When record no longer is needed
Ø Some programs remove record immediately, others flag record

validation
Ø Reduce data entry errors and enhance data integrity before program writes data on disk
Ø Process of comparing data with a set of rules to find out if data is correct

What is the database approach?
Ø Many programs and users can share data in database
Ø Secures data so only authorized users can access certain data

What is a query?
Ø Request for specific data from a database
Ø Query language consists of simple, English-like statements that allow users to specify data to display, print, or store

What is a query by example (QBE)?
Ø Has a graphical user interface that assists users with retrieving data
Ø Program retrieves records that match criteria entered in form fields

What is a report generator?
Ø Allows user to design a report on screen, retrieve data into report design, then display or print reports
Ø Also called report writer




Chapter 11 Computer Security, Ethics and Privacy

What is an antivirus program?
Ø Identifies and removes computer viruses
Ø Most also protect against worms and Trojan horses

What is a virus signature?
Ø Specific pattern of virus code
§ Also called virus definition
Ø Antivirus programs look for virus signatures

What is a user name?
Ø Unique combination of characters that identifies user
Ø Password is private combination of characters associated with the user name that allows access to computer resources

What is a possessed object?
Ø Item that you must carry to gain access to computer or facility
Ø Often used with numeric password called personal identification number (PIN)

What is a biometric device?
Ø Authenticates person’s identity using personal characteristic
§ Fingerprint, hand geometry, voice, signature, and iris

What are hardware theft and hardware vandalism?
Ø Hardware theft is act of stealing computer equipment
§ Cables sometimes used to lock equipment
§ Some notebook computers use passwords, possessed objects, and biometrics as security methods
§ For PDAs, you can password-protect the device
Ø Hardware vandalism is act of defacing or destroying computer equipment




Chapter 12 Information System Development

What are six data and information gathering techniques?
Ø Review documentation
Ø Observe
Ø Questionnaire
Ø Interview
Ø Joint-application design (JAD) session
Ø Research

What is a request for system services?
Ø Formal request for new or modified information system
§ Also called project request

What is a use case diagram?
Ø Graphically shows how actors interact with information system
Ø Actor—user or other entity
Ø Use case—function that actor can perform

What is a turnkey solution?
Value-added reseller (VAR) purchases products from manufacturer and then resells them, offering additional services with product
Authorized VARs must meet certain manufacturer-specified requirements


How do systems analysts test software products?
Ø References from vendor
Ø Talk to current users of product
Ø Product demonstrations
Ø Trial version of software
Ø Benchmark test measures performance




Chapter 13 Programming Languages and Program Development

What is machine language?
Ø Only language computer directly recognizes
Ø Uses a series of binary digits (1s and 0s) with a combination of numbers and letters that represent binary digits

What is assembly language?
Ø Instructions made up of symbolic instruction codes, meaningful abbreviations and codes
Ø Source program contains code to be converted to machine language

What is a compiler?
Ø Program that converts entire source program into machine language before executing it

What is an interpreter?
Ø Program that translates and executes one program code statement at a time
Ø Does not produce object program

What is COBOL?
Ø Designed for business applications
Ø English-like statements make code easy to read, write, and maintain
Ø COmmon Business-Oriented Language

What is Java?
Ø Developed by Sun Microsystems
Ø Similar to C++ but uses just-in-time (JIT) compiler to convert source code into machine code


What is C++?
Ø Includes all elements of C, plus additional features for working with object-oriented concepts
Ø Used to develop database and Web applications

What is Delphi?
Ø Powerful visual programming tool
Ø Ideal for large-scale enterprise and Web applications


Chapter 14 Enterprise Computing

What is an information system?
Ø Set of hardware, software, data, people, and procedures that work together to produce information
Ø Procedures are instructions users follow to accomplish activities

What is computer-aided design (CAD)?
Ø Uses special software to aid in product design
Ø Computer-aided engineering (CAE) uses computers to test product designs

What is computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)?
Ø Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) integrates operations of manufacturing process
What is a marketing information system?
Ø Central repository for marketing tasks
Ø Market research software analyzes data gathered from surveys
What is sales force automation (SFA) software?
Ø Tools for traveling salespeople
Ø Runs on PDAs or notebook computers

What is customer interaction management (CIM) software?
Ø Manages interactions with customers
Ø Telephone calls
Ø E-mail
Ø Web interactions
Ø Instant Messaging sessions

What is a management information system (MIS)?
Ø Generates accurate, timely, and organized information so managers can track progress and make decisions
What is a decision support system (DSS)?
Ø Helps users analyze data and make decisions
Ø Uses data from internal and external sources, as needed
Ø Executive information system (EIS) supports needs of executive management


Chapter 15 Computer Careers and Certification

What is the expected demand for computer professionals?
Ø Currently 10.5 million computer workers with expected increase of 2 to 3% annually
Ø The number of students majoring in computer-related fields is declining
What is an information technology (IT) department?
Ø Department in business or government agency that employs people in computer-related jobs
Ø Responsible for keeping all computer operations and networks operating smoothly

What is the computer equipment field?
Ø Manufacturers and distributors of computers and computer-related hardware
Ø Careers involve design, manufacture, and production of computer equipment

What is the computer service and repair field?
Ø Provides preventative maintenance, component installation, and repair services
Ø Computer technician—installs, maintains, and repairs hardware

What is computer information systems (CIS)?
Ø Programs that emphasize technical knowledge and skills
Ø Sometimes called management information systems (MIS) or management information technology

What is computer science (CS)?
Ø Programs that stress theoretical side of programming and operating systems
Ø Also called software engineering
What are some organizations for computer professionals?
Ø Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)—science-oriented
Ø Association of Information Technology Professionals (AITP)—programmers, systems analysts, and information processing managers

What are examinations like?
Ø Some are multiple choice, others are skill based
Ø With computerized adaptive testing, the tests analyze a person’s responses while taking the test

END of CHAPTER SUMMARY

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HiStORY of Bill Gates

William Henry Gates III (born October 28, 1955 in Seattle, Washington) is an American entrepreneur and the co-founder, chairman, former chief software architect, and former CEO of Microsoft, the world's largest software company. Forbes magazine's list of The World's Billionaires has ranked him as the richest person in the world for the last thirteen consecutive years, and recent estimates put his net worth near $56 billion. When family wealth is considered, his family ranks second behind the Walton family.

Gates is one of the best-known entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution. Although he is widely respected by people who see his wealth as a product of intelligence and foresight his business tactics have often been criticized as unethical or anti-competitive, and have, in some instances, been ruled as such in court Since amassing his fortune, Gates has pursued a number of philanthropic endeavors, donating large amounts of money to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, established in 2000

Gates excelled in elementary school, particularly in mathematics and the sciences. At thirteen he enrolled in the Lakeside School, Seattle's most exclusive preparatory school where tuition in 1967 was $5,000 (Harvard tuition that year was $1,760). When he was in the eighth grade, the school mothers used proceeds from a rummage sale to buy Lakeside an ASR-33 teletype terminal and a block of computer time on a General Electric computer. Gates took an interest in programming the GE system in BASIC and was excused from math classes to pursue his interest. After the Mothers Club donation was exhausted he and other students sought time on other systems, including DEC PDP minicomputers. One of these systems was a PDP-10 belonging to Computer Center Corporation, which banned the Lakeside students for the summer after it caught them exploiting bugs in the operating system to obtain free computer time.
At the end of the ban, the Lakeside students (Gates, Paul Allen, Ric Weiland, and Kent Evans) offered to find bugs in CCC's software in exchange for free computer time. Rather than use the system via teletype, Gates went to CCC's offices and studied source code for various programs that ran on the system, not only in BASIC but FORTRAN, LISP and machine language as well. The arrangement with CCC continued until 1970, when it went out of business. The following year Information Sciences Inc. hired the Lakeside students to write a payroll program in COBOL, providing them not only computer time but royalties as well. At age 14, Gates also formed a venture with Allen, called Traf-O-Data, to make traffic counters based on the Intel 8008 processor. That first year he made $20,000, however when his age was found out they lost a lot of business.

In 1980 IBM approached Microsoft to make the BASIC interpreter for its upcoming personal computer, the IBM PC. When IBM's representatives mentioned that they needed an operating system, Gates referred them to Digital Research (DRI), makers of the widely used CP/M operating system. IBM's discussions with Digital Research went poorly, and they did not reach a licensing agreement. IBM representative Jack Sams mentioned the licensing difficulties during a subsequent meeting with Gates and told him to get an acceptable operating system. A few weeks later Gates proposed using 86-DOS (QDOS), an operating system similar to CP/M that Seattle Computer Products had made for hardware similar to the PC. Microsoft made a deal with SCP to become the exclusive licensing agent, and later the full owner, of 86-DOS, but did not mention that IBM was a potential customer. After adapting the operating system for the PC, Microsoft delivered it to IBM as PC-DOS in exchange for a one-time fee. Gates never understood why DRI had walked away from the deal, and in later years he claimed that DRI founder Gary Kildall capriciously "went flying" during an IBM appointment, a characterization that Kildall and other DRI employees would deny.
As several companies reverse-engineered the IBM architecture and developed clones Microsoft was quick to license DOS to other manufacturers, calling it MS-DOS (for Microsoft Disk Operating System). By marketing MS-DOS aggressively to manufacturers of IBM-PC clones, Microsoft went from a small player to one of the major software vendors in the home computer industry. Microsoft continued to develop operating systems as well as software applications

In the early 1980s Microsoft introduced its own version of the graphical user interface (GUI), based on ideas pioneered by the Xerox corporation, and further developed by Apple. Microsoft released "Windows" as an addition and alternative to their DOS command line, and to compete with other systems on the market that employed a GUI. By the early 1990s, Windows had pushed other DOS-based GUIs like GEM and GEOS out of the market. The release of Windows 3.0 in 1990 was a tremendous success, selling around 10 million copies in the first two years and cementing Microsoft's dominance in operating systems sales.
By continuing to ensure, by various means, that most computers came with Microsoft software pre-installed, the Microsoft corporation eventually became the largest software company in the world, earning Gates enough money that Forbes Magazine named him the wealthiest person in the world for several years Gates served as the CEO of the company until 2000, when Steve Ballmer took the position. Microsoft has thousands of patents, and Gates has nine patents to his name

Since Microsoft's founding in 1975 and as of 2006, Gates has had primary responsibility for Microsoft's product strategy. He has aggressively broadened the company's range of products, and wherever Microsoft has achieved a dominant position he has vigorously defended it. Many decisions that have led to antitrust litigation over Microsoft's business practices have had Gates' approval. In the 1998 United States v. Microsoft case, Gates gave deposition testimony that several journalists characterized as evasive. He argued with examiner David Boies over the definitions of words such as: compete, concerned, ask, and we. BusinessWeek reported:
Early rounds of his deposition show him offering obfuscatory answers and saying 'I don't recall' so many times that even the presiding judge had to chuckle. Worse, many of the technology chief's denials and pleas of ignorance were directly refuted by prosecutors with snippets of e-mail Gates both sent and received.
Gates later said that he had simply resisted attempts by Boies to mischaracterize his words and actions. As to his demeanor during the deposition, he said "Whatever that penalty is should be levied against me: rudeness to Boies in the first degree." Despite Gates' denials, the judge ruled that Microsoft had committed monopolization and tying, blocking competition, in violation of the Sherman Act.
Gates meets regularly with Microsoft's senior managers and program managers. By all accounts he can be extremely confrontational during these meetings, particularly when he believes that managers have not thought out their business strategy or have placed the company's future at risk. He has been described shouting at length at employees before letting them continue, with such remarks as "That's the stupidest thing I've ever heard!" and "Why don't you just give up your options and join the Peace Corps?" However, he often backs down when the targets of his outbursts respond frankly and directly. When he is not impressed with the technical hurdles managers claim to be facing, he sometimes quips, "Do you want me to do it over the weekend?" Gates' role at Microsoft for most of its history has been primarily a management and executive role. However, he was an active software developer in the early years, particularly on the company's programming language products. (See also: DONKEY.BAS) He has not officially been on a development team since working on the TRS-80 Model 100 line, but he wrote code as late as 1989 that shipped in the company's products. On June 15 ,2006

Gates announced that he would transition out of his day-to-day role over the next two years to dedicate more time to philanthropy. He divided his responsibilities between two successors, placing Ray Ozzie in charge of day-to-day management and Craig Mundie in charge of long-term product strategy.One of his last initiatives before announcing his departure was the creation of a robotics software group at Microsoft.

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MALAYSIA - JAPAN FTA [ free trade agreement ]

Japan, Malaysia FTA takes effect
Online Publication Date: 14 July 2006Thursday July 13, 2006Japan, Malaysia FTA takes effect(Kyodo) — A free trade agreement between Japan and Malaysia took effect Thursday, enabling the two countries to scrap tariffs on essentially all industrial goods and most agricultural, forestry and fishery products within 10 years.To signify the launch of the FTA, the two nations held the same day their first joint committee meeting at the Japanese Foreign Ministry’s Iikura guesthouse in Tokyo to discuss operational procedures on the implementation of the FTA.
Japan was represented at the meeting by Economy, Trade and Industry Minister Toshihiro Nikai, Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Shoichi Nakagawa, Foreign Minister Taro Aso and Finance Minister Sadakazu Tanigaki. Malaysia’s delegation was led by International Trade and Industry Minister Rafidah Aziz.Japan and Malaysia signed the bilateral FTA in December following nearly two years of negotiations. Malaysia is the third FTA partner for Japan following Singapore and Mexico.The Japanese and Malaysian ministers issued a joint press statement to mark the FTA’s entry into force, which called the FTA a "solid basis for the strategic partnership between Japan and Malaysia.
"The ministers from both nations "shared the view that the (FTA) will contribute toward enhancing the cross-border flow of goods, services and capital between Japan and Malaysia...enable both countries to make the most of their economic complementarity."For example, Kuala Lumpur will remove tariffs on finished passenger cars with engine displacements above 2000 cc by 2010 and smaller vehicles by 2015. It will also immediately abolish tariffs for completely knocked down auto parts for Japanese carmakers assembling vehicles in Malaysia.For farm products, Tokyo will immediately eliminate tariffs on Malaysian imports of tropical fruits like mangoes, mangosteens, durians, papayas and rambutans.The accord will cover not only trade in goods, but also services trade, intellectual property right protection, investment rules, competition policies, business facilitation and cooperation projects for personnel training in Malaysia.
Japanese manufacturers would benefit from the FTA as it will boost their competitiveness by lowering parts procurement costs in Malaysia, while Malaysian local industries would also gain from Japan’s cooperation programs stipulated in the accord, according to Japanese officials.Under the partnership, Japan will accept 1,000 trainees over the next 10 years from relevant Malaysian institutions for human resources development in such areas as agriculture, education and information technology. A total of 24 programs are set to be implemented immediately now that the pact has entered into force.In 2005, Japan’s exports to Malaysia totaled $12.6 billion and imports from the country stood at $14.8 billion, according to the Japanese government.

Japan-Malaysia Economic Partnership Agreement
Online Publication Date: 28 March 2006The Japan-Malaysia Economic Partnership Agreement (JMEPA) was signed by on 13 December 2005. A thorough examination of the JMEPA is urgently needed. The assessment will enable Malaysians to determine the changes in policy, law, regulations, administrative measures and other government practices that will need to be made and the impact of these on Malaysia’s national interests.
The lack of transparency and public consultation during the negotiations of the JMEPA cannot be repeated in the ongoing negotiations of FTAs with the US, Australia and New Zealand.

Najib: KL will review ‘lopsided’ FTA with Japan
Online Publication Date: 30 June 2006The Star (Malaysia)(http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/6/17/nation/14567271&sec=nation)17June 2006Najib: KL will review ‘lopsided’ FTA with JapanBy SYED AZHARTOKYO: Malaysia will review its free trade agreement (FTA) with Japan following claims that it is lopsided, said Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak said.“We will have to see how it is being implemented as well as the interpretation of the economic partnership. We have to look at it in its entirety,” the Deputy Prime Minister told reporters after attending the World Economic Forum on East Asia here yesterday.
He was asked to comment on the claim by former prime minister Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad that the agreement, signed last December was not balanced and not beneficial to Malaysia.Najib said, for example, there was an undertaking by the Japanese government to help Malaysia build its automotive industry.“If they respond in a positive direction, we will ensure that the implementation of the partnership is equitable. We will monitor the situation closely,” he said.Under the agreement, Malaysia will, in 10 years, do away with almost all tariffs on the entry of Japanese cars, while Malaysian mangoes and other products would be allowed entry into Japan.
Malaysia began FTA talks with the United States early this month, and is negotiating with Australia, New Zealand and Pakistan for similar agreements. On the planned East Asian regional grouping, Najib said Asean countries should take the initiative to set it up.“I am saying this based on consensus and Asean’s 40-year experience,” said Najib, adding that there was a need for stronger political will to see the formation of an East Asian community.

MALAYSIA - US FTA [ free trade agreement ]

US, Malaysia unions rally against Malaysia-US FTA
Online Publication Date: 24 January 2007US unions rally against Malaysian pactAnil NettoJan 23, 07 United States trade unions have joined forces with their Malaysian counterparts to strongly oppose ongoing negotiations toward a bilateral free trade agreement (FTA) until workers' concerns from both countries are addressed.The American Federation of Labour and Congress of Industrial Organisations (AFL-CIO) and the Malaysian Trades Unions Congress (MTUC) are poised to ink a joint declaration agreed on in Kuala Lumpur last week. The declaration resembles those that US labour federations had previously signed with their union counterparts in South Korea last June, in Central America in 2002 and in Australia in 2001.
The Kuala Lumpur declaration asserts that economic integration between the two countries must result in broadly shared benefits for working people and communities, and not simply extend and enforce corporate power and privilege. It also warns that violations to workers' rights have reached crisis levels.The AFL-CIO is a voluntary federation of 54 national and international labour unions, representing 10 million workers in the United States.
The MTUC, on the other hand, is an umbrella movement of Malaysian trade unions representing around half a million workers.The joint declaration by the trade union movements stands in stark contrast to the floundering official FTA negotiations with Korea and Malaysia. US trade officials are struggling to wrap up their separate negotiations with both countries by March so that the drafts can be presented to Congress for approval before the expiry on June 30 of a fast-track trade promotional authority.
Malaysian International Trade and Industry Minister Rafidah Aziz said it was unlikely the US-Malaysia negotiations could be completed before the deadline, but Malaysia was willing to continue beyond that in any case. Negotiations have stumbled over thorny issues, such as proposed measures to give US firms access to government procurement and the service sector in Malaysia. In South Korea, the stumbling blocks are the required opening of Seoul's car, beef and pharmaceutical markets and how the US applies its anti-dumping rules.Kuala Lumpur-based economist Subramaniam Pillay says that the US labour federation has traditionally been concerned with protecting jobs, while the MTUC is more concerned about the erosion of workers' rights.
These were legitimate concerns for unions, he added. "Malaysian unions want to use this [joint declaration] as a leverage to strengthen workers' rights here. And the AFL-CIO may want to use it to protect workers from job losses in the United States."No more NaftasAmerican unionists argue they are not just concerned about job losses in the United States. "It is not just northern unions trying to take jobs from Malaysia," said AFL-CIO global economic specialist Jeff Vogt. "We want to make sure that trade between our two countries is equitable to our workers."Vogt argued that there was no need for US FTAs to demand intellectual property rights that went beyond the World Trade Organisation regime. Neither was there a need for FTAs to grant excessive rights to investors. Joining forces with developing countries' trade union movements to oppose FTAs "gives us more credibility in our advocacy in the United States [and allows us] to say, 'look, we are not being protectionist'," he added.
The Kuala Lumpur declaration states that it is clear that the US-Malaysia FTA will be based on "the same failed model as the North American Free Trade Agreement [Nafta]".Over the past 12 years, Nafta has facilitated corporate mobility and flexibility, but has arguably resulted in the loss of more than a million jobs and various other business opportunities in the United States. Critics say it has kept US wages low and undermined environmental and public health care protections. In Mexico, workers' real wages have remain flat or worsened, while inequality has widened, increasing the number of people in poverty, they contend.US trade unions and their Asian counterparts want trade agreements to include enforceable provisions to protect workers' rights, public services and the environment.
They complain that the Bush administration has not adequately addressed these concerns in the FTAs they have negotiated.In the Kuala Lumpur declaration, the unions noted there was evidence that the Malaysian government continues to oppose any labor protection in a potential FTA with the US, "based on a misguided notion that achieving economic growth and international competitiveness must be at the expense of core labour rights".Unionists point out that FTAs typically rely on weak national laws while provisions for enforcement of labor standards, dispute resolution and action against violators of workers' right are weak, ineffective and difficult.
In contrast, the FTAs tend to provide excessive protection for multinational corporate investment and profits, they contend.The MTUC and the AFL-CIO said they were also deeply concerned with the lack of transparency surrounding the negotiations and the government's failure to consult trade unions and civil society organizations in the process.Job security Malaysian unionists, meanwhile, are also worried about a recent public submission for the FTA negotiations made by the American Malaysian Chamber of Commerce and the US Chamber of Commerce.
The two bodies argued that "while it is important to protect the rights of workers, Malaysia's current employment laws are too restrictive and unbalanced against companies, thus making it very difficult for employers to terminate under-performing employees".The two bodies added that they would like to see Malaysia's domestic labour laws and its Industrial Relations Court reviewed, "to take into greater consideration the needs of employers and the ability of companies to remain competitive and productive through proper management of their workforces".Union critics see these comments as a thinly disguised desire to make it easier to lay off workers, as it is in the United States. Unionists are also deeply concerned that more secure jobs will, through the implementation of the FTA, be replaced with lower-paying part-time positions for which employers' are not required to pay benefits, such as health insurance.
"The most important area we [Malaysian unionists] are concerned about is security of tenure, the outsourcing of jobs and the sub-contracting of labor," said K Somasundram, an MTUC official who participated in the discussions with the AFL-CIO. "It is already happening in the banking sector, with the outsourcing of back-office services," he said. "Unions are concerned because they feel that this is one of the ways of busting unions as they will then be outside the scope of representation."In a statement in November, the executive council of the AFL-CIO proposed a new approach to make trade more fair and beneficial for all workers.
In particular, the group wants a slowdown in US President George W Bush's rush to negotiate new bilateral free trade agreements and a review of all current agreements - a wish they might get under a now Democrat-controlled Congress. The executive council is also calling for reform of the current trade regime to create a more just global economy, "one that works for working families and not just to boost the profits and power of multinational corporations".

EVENT : Fifth Round of Malaysia-US FTA in Feb 2007 in Malaysia
Online Publication Date: 15 February 2007The fifth round of the Malaysia-US FTA will be held in the week of 5 February 2007 in Karambunia, Sabah, Malaysia .

MEMORANDA / APPEAL LETTERS : The Coalition Against the Malaysia-US FTA’s Correspondence with the Government
Online Publication Date: 24 January 2007The Coalition Against the Malaysia-US FTA, a group of non-government organizations, political parties and civil society who are worried about the Malaysia-US Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiations, sent a memorandum to the Malaysian Minister of International Trade and Industry raising its concerns about the FTA. The Minister replied and made several promises. The Coalition then sent another memorandum highlighting issues that the Minister had not responded to. The full correspondence can be found at:1.
The Coalition’s first memorandum: http://www.ftamalaysia.org/article.php?aid=1282. The Minister’s reply: http://www.ftamalaysia.org/article.php?aid=1293. The Coalition’s second memorandum: http://www.ftamalaysia.org/article.php?aid=130 A summary of the correspondence is below.1. The Coalition’s first memorandum In October 2006, the Coalition wrote to the Minister, listing its concerns with the Malaysian Government’s decision to enter Malaysia-US FTA negotiations, which included: 1) That a detailed cost-benefit analysis has not been done for all sectors of the Malaysian economy and that analysis should be disclosed to the public.2) That the USFTA goes beyond trade - into services, investors’ rights, intellectual property and government procurement - and yet they are being held in secret.3) That Malaysia’s 296,000 rice farmers will suffer [if Malaysia’s tariffs on subsidized American rice are lowered]. 4) That medicines prices will rise because the patent period will be extended. 5) Problems of expropriation cases for example for chemical additives that are dangerous to health.2. The Minister’s replyWith respect to the points above, in a letter to the Coalition on 19 November 2006, the Minister asserted that: 1) ‘A cost-benefit analysis was done’ (however she did not release it to the Coalition or the public).2) (No response was made and the negotiations still have not been disclosed to the public).3) ‘The Government will not list rice and tobacco for market access by the United States’.4) ‘The Government will ensure that this Agreement will not threaten the ability of Malaysians to access cheap medicines’. 5) (No response).3. The Coalition’s second memorandum On 21 December 2006, the Coalition handed its response to the Minister’s reply, as well as handed the memorandum to the Prime Minister on 10 January 2007. In this memorandum, the Coalition’s main concerns with respect to the above included the following points:1) The cost-benefit analysis still needs to be made public.2) The minutes of the negotiations and the issues discussed still need to be made public.3) If it is true that rice and tobacco can be excluded from the FTA negotiations, what about the other farmers [such as pig farmers, cabbage farmers, chicken and egg farmers and dairy farmers who all currently benefit from tariff protection] who will also have to compete with US subsidized agricultural products when Malaysia’s tariffs on US farm products are reduced [to zero as USFTAs tend to require]? 4) The Coalition noted that all USFTAs except NAFTA have patent term extensions beyond the 20 years required by the WTO, and USFTAs also have a number of other intellectual property provisions [that are stronger than what the WTO requires], such as data exclusivity and linkage. The Coalition pointed out that these provisions have been predicted to significantly raise medicine prices and the full effect will not be felt for about 15 years after the USFTA is signed, according to the World Health Organization. The United Nations’ Special Rapporteur on the Right to Health, Ministers of Health and Trade, leading academics and non-governmental organizations have all expressed their concern at these provisions. 5) Its worries with respect to expropriation were not addressed by the Minister in her reply. The Coalition was also concerned that a USFTA may lead to industrial job losses in Malaysia if the US issues its usual demand to reduce all tariffs on its products to 0%. The American National Association of Manufacturers has estimated that it could double its exports to Malaysia in the first two years of an FTA. It was unlikely that Malaysia could compensate by exporting more to the USA under an FTA [as most US tariffs are low already] and the few tariffs that are still high (for example for textiles) cannot be reduced by more than 50% by the US Trade Representative under current US law. The Coalition also asked for a guarantee that the Malaysian government would only open to US companies those service sectors it lists (positive list) and expressed its skepticism based on UN and World Bank reports that a USFTA would increase foreign direct investment from the USA.

misteri october 1582

Kalendar Gregory merupakan takwim yang paling banyak digunakan di hampir Seluruh Dunia. Ia merupakan Kalendar Julian yang telah diubah sedikit. Ia pertama kali diusulkan oleh doktor Aloysius Lilius, dari Napoli, Itali dan dituruti oleh Pope Gregory XIII pada 24 Februari 1582.

Kalendar ini dicipta kerana Kalendar Julian dinilai kurang tepat, sebab permulaan musim bunga (21 Mac) semakin maju sehingga, perayaan Easter yang sudah disepakati sejak Konsili Nicea I pada tahun 325 tidak tepat lagi.

Lalu pada tahun 1582, hari Sabtu 4 Oktober diikuti dengan hari Ahad 15 Oktober.

Perbezaan dengan Kalendar Julian
Sebuah tahun dalam Kalendar Julian berlangsung selama 365.25 hari. Tetapi kerana putaran bumi mengelilingi matahari hanya berlangsung selama 365.2422 hari, maka setiap satu millenium, Kalendar Julian akan berlebih 7 - 8 hari. Masalah ini diselesaikan dengan hari-hari lompat yang agak berbeza pada kalendar baru ini. Pada kalendar Julian, setiap tahun yang boleh dibahagi dengan 4 merupakan tahun lompat. Tetapi pada kalender baru ini tahun yang boleh dibahagi dengan 100 hanya dianggap sebagai tahun lompat, jika tahun ini juga boleh dibahagi dengan 400. Contohnya tahun 1700, 1800 dan 1900 bukan tahun lompat. Tetapi tahun 1600 dan 2000 merupakan tahun lompat. Dengan ini Kalendar Gregory mempunyai 365.2425 hari setahun.


Masalah Baru
Setelah Kalendar Gregory dicanangkan, tidak semua negara mahu memakainya. Baru beberapa abad setelah ini, hampir semua negara barat mahu memakainya. Russia misalkan baru memakai pada tahun 1918. Sehingga Revolusi Komunis Russia yang sekarang diperingati setiap tanggal 7 November, disebut sebagai Revolusi Oktober.

Gereja Ortodoks sehingga sekarang masih memakai Kalendar Julian.

Permulaan Tahun
Pada tanggal 1 Januari 1622, 1 Januari ditetapkan sebagai permulaan tahun. Sebelumnya hal ini setiap negara Eropah berbeza-beza.


Bulan-Bulan Tahun
Setiap tahun dibahagi menjadi 12 bulan:

No. Nama Jumlah Hari
1 Januari 31
2 Februari 28 atau 29
3 Mac 31
4 April 30
5 Mei 31
6 Jun 30
7 Julai 31
8 Ogos 31
9 September 30
10 Oktober 31
11 November 30
12 Disember 31

- iSu Banjir -

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" Tangan Yang Memberi, Lebih Baik Dari Yang Menerima"

hARI INI DI dEWAN kULIaH

cItE Ku hari nie, tenTang Klass ICT ktaowang... lecturer ktaowang, encik izwan suhadak bin ishak

soh ktaowang wat cam perdebatan ala2 kat Dewan perlimen arr... Tapi ktaoawang wat Dewan kuliah jerr... pastu ktaowang d soh tengok cite omputih, tajuk THE NET... Best gak ar nengok cite tu... Cam dlm wayang je coz study kat d.K...

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Hari nie Gak ku MiZZ MY:

* fAMILy

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